struct Student int roll; char name[20]; float marks; ; struct Student s1 = 1, "John", 85.5; same memory shared among members (size = largest member). 12. File Handling Basic operations: Open, Read, Write, Close.
| Type | Size (approx) | Format Specifier | |------|--------------|------------------| | int | 2/4 bytes | %d | | float| 4 bytes | %f | | char | 1 byte | %c | | double| 8 bytes | %lf |
break (exit loop/switch), continue (skip iteration), goto (jump to label – avoid when possible). 7. Arrays One-dimensional: programming for problem solving notes pdf
char str[] = "Hello"; // null terminated: 'H','e','l','l','o','\0' strlen() , strcpy() , strcat() , strcmp() , strchr() 11. Structures & Unions Structure: groups different data types.
int arr[5] = 1,2,3,4,5; arr[0] = 10; // index 0-based struct Student int roll; char name[20]; float marks;
Machine (1GL) → Assembly (2GL) → High-level (3GL: C, Python) → 4GL, 5GL.
scanf("%d", &x); // read printf("Value: %d", x); // print Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, % Relational: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >= Logical: && (AND), || (OR), ! (NOT) Assignment: =, +=, -=, etc. Increment/Decrement: ++, -- (prefix/postfix) | Type | Size (approx) | Format Specifier
() → ++ -- → * / % → + - → < > <= >= → == != → && → || → = 5. Conditional Statements if-else: